Síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos e hiperprolactinemia

Maite Cabrera Gámez; Alina Acosta Cedeño; Felipe Santana Pérez; Idolina Sánchez Rosales; Gilda Monteagudo Peña

Síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos e hiperprolactinemia

Maite Cabrera Gámez, Alina Acosta Cedeño, Felipe Santana Pérez, Idolina Sánchez Rosales, Gilda Monteagudo Peña

Texto completo:

PDF

Resumen

Introducción: La hiperprolactinemia y el síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos son causas comunes de alteraciones del ciclo menstrual. La asociación entre dicho síndrome se ha descrito desde la década de 1950 y ha sugerido la existencia de un vínculo fisiopatológico entre estas dos entidades, pero los datos de la literatura han sido controversiales.

Objetivo: Actualizar el estudio bibliográfico de la relación entre la hiperprolactinemia y el síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos.

Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en los principales motores en salud. Se tuvieron en cuenta revisiones de los últimos cinco años y se incluyeron artículos originales de relevancia para el tema que, aunque no recientes se mantienen vigentes.

Conclusiones: En la práctica clínica es usual encontrar la hiperprolactinemia asociada a características clínicas, hormonales y ecográficas del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. En los estudios antiguos, el “síndrome” se diagnosticaba por criterios no consensuados y la hiperprolactinemia no se exploraba lo suficiente a la luz de los conocimientos actuales. La elevación de prolactina ligada a la presencia de una macroprolactina no es infrecuente en mujeres con el “síndrome”, por tanto, es fundamental su diagnóstico para evitar errores. Los datos de la literatura sugieren que no hay una relación directa una vez que se explora rigurosamente la hiperprolactinemia y que se trata de dos entidades distintas.

Palabras clave: hiperprolactinemia; síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos; ciclo menstrual.

Referencias

Delcour C, Robin G, Young J, Dewailly D. PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019? Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 2019;13:1179558119871921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179558119871921

Samperi I, Lithgow K, Karavitaki N. Hyperprolactinaemia. J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):2203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122203

Goyal A, Ganie MA. Idiopathic Hyperprolactinemia Presenting as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Identical Twin Sisters: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e3004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3004

Thapa S, Bhusal K. Hyperprolactinemia. Stat Pearls. 2022. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30726016/

Tucker HA. Hormones, mammary growth, and lactation: A 41-year perspective. J Dairy Sci. 2000;83:874-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74951-4

Trott JF, Vonderhaar BK, Hove RC. Historical perspectives of prolactin and growth hormone as mammogens, lactogens and galactagogues. Agog for the future! J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2008;13:3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-008-9064-x

Riddle O, Bates RW, Dykshorn SW. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin. A hormone of the anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol Leg. 1933 [acceso: 14/09/2021];105:191-216. Disponible en: http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/105/1/191

Ignacak A, Kasztelnik M, Sliwa T, Korbut RA, Rajda K, Guzik TJ. Prolactin not only lactotrophin. A “new” view of the “old” hormone. J Physiol Pharm. 2012 [acceso: 07/10/2021];63:435-43. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23211297/

Capozzi A, Scambia G, Pontecorvi A, Lello S. Hyperprolactinemia: Pathophysiology and therapeutic approach. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2015;31(7):506-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1017810

Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prolactin: Structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(4):1523-1631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523

Kaiser U, Ho Ken KY. Fisiología y evaluación diagnóstica de la hipófisis. Elsevier. 2016 [acceso: 07/10/2021];176-231. Disponible en: https://es.scribd.com/document/551906935/8-Fisiologia-y-evaluacion-diagnostica-de-la-hipofisis

Overgaard M, Pedersen SM. Serum prolactin revisited: parametric reference intervals and cross platform evaluation of polyethylene glycol precipitation-based methods for discrimination between hyperprolactinemia and macroprolactinemia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(11):1744-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2016-0902

Duignan NM. Polycystic ovarian disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1976;83(8):593-602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00895.x

Futterweit W, Krieger DT. Pituitary tumors associated with hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril. 1979;31(6):608-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44049-5

Kyritsi EM, Dimitriadis GK, Angelousi A, Mehta H, Shad A, Mytilinaiou M, et al. The value of prolactin in predicting prolactinοma in hyperprolactinaemic polycystic ovarian syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018;48(7):e12961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12961

Falaschi P, del Pozo E, Rocco A, Toscano V, Petrangeli E, Pompei P. Prolactin release in polycystic ovary. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 [acceso: 07/10/2021];55(5):579-82. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6768043/

Arentz S, Abbott JA, Smith CA, Bensoussan A. Herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated oligo/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism; a review of the laboratory evidence for effects with corroborative clinical findings. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-511

Murdoch AP, Dunlop W, Kendall Taylor P. Studies of prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 1986;24(2):165-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1986.tb00759.x

Işik AZ, Gülekli B, Zorlu CG, Ergin T, Gökmen O. Endocrinological and clinical analysis of hyperprolactinemic patients with and without ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovarian changes. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1997;43(3):183-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000291850

Balen AH, Laven JS, Tan SL, Dewailly D. Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions. Hum Reprod Update. 2003;9(6):505-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmg044

Catteau Jonard S, Bancquart J, Poncelet E, Lefebvre Maunoury C, Robin G, Dewailly D. Polycystic ovaries at ultrasound: normal variant or silent polycystic ovary syndrome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;40(2):223-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.11202

Dewailly D, Lujan ME, Carmina E, Cedars M, Laven J, Norman R, et al. Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology: a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(3):334-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmt061

Zhu RY, Wong YC, Yong EL. Sonographic evaluation of polycystic ovaries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;37:25-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.02.005

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(1):19-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004

Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004;19(1):41-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh098

Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(2):456-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035

National Institutes of Health. Evidence-based methodology workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome. NIH. 2012 [acceso: 07/10/2021]. Disponible en: https://prevention.nih.gov/docs/programs/pcos/FinalReport.pdf

Kasum M, Orešković S, Čehić E, Šunj M, Lila A, Ejubović E. Laboratory and clinical significance of macroprolactinemia in women with hyperprolactinemia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;56(6):719-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2017.10.002

Che NA, Yaacob NM, Omar J. Global Prevalence of Macroprolactinemia among Patients with Hyperprolactinemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):8199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218199

Hauache OM, Rocha AJ, Maia AC, Maciel RM, Vieira JG. Screenin for macroprolactinaemia and pituitary imaging studies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57(3):327-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01586.x

ValletteKasic S, Morange Ramos I, Selim A, Enjalbert A, Martin PM, Jaquet Ph, et al. Macroprolactinemia Revisited: A Study on 106 Patients. J Clinic Endocrinol Metabolism. 2002;87(2):581-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8272

Kalsi AK, Halder A, Jain M, Chaturvedi PK, Sharma JB. Prevalence and reproductive manifestations of macroprolactinemia. Endocrine. 2019;63(2):332-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1770-6

Samson SL, Hamrahian AH, Ezzat S. American association of clinical endocrinologists, american college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: clinical relevance of macroprolactin in the absence of true hyperprolactinemia. Endocrine Practice. 2015;21(12): 1427-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4158/ep15938.dsc

Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65(2):265-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x

Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(2):273-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1692

Filho RB, Domínguez L, Naves L, Ferraz E, Alves A, Casulari LA. Polycystic ovary síndrome and hyperprolactinemia are distinct entities. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007;23:267-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590701297708

Yang H, Di J, Pan J, Yu R, Teng Y, Cai Z. The Association Between Prolactin and Metabolic Parameters in PCOS Women: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00263

Zacur HA, Foster GV. Hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med. 1992;10:236-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70186-8

Buvat J, Herbaut MB, Marcolin G, Racadot A, Fourlinnie JC, Beuscart R, et al. A double blind controlled study of the hormonal and clinical effects of bromocriptine in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:119-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-63-1-119

Robin G, Catteau Jonard S, Young J, Dewailly D. Lien physiopathologique entre syndrome des ovaires polymicrokystiques et hyperprolactinémie: mythe ou réalité? Physiopathological link between polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia: myth or reality?. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2011;39(3):141-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2010.11.002

Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA, et al. Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(2):273-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1692

Ghaneei A, Jowkar A, Hasani Ghavam MR, Ghaneei ME. Cabergoline plus metformin therapy effects on menstrual irregularity and androgen system in polycystic ovary síndrome women with hyperprolactinemia. Iran J Reprod Med. 2015 [acceso: 07/10/2021];13(2):93-100. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25999998/

Szosland K, Pawlowicz P, Lewiński A. Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015 [acceso: 07/10/2021];36(1):53-8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25789595/

Enlaces refback

No hay ningún enlace refback.

Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.