El desafío para el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central en la reproducción humana asociada con la diabetes

Sonia Clapes Hernández; Tammy Fernández Romero; Karel Prado González

El desafío para el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central en la reproducción humana asociada con la diabetes

Sonia Clapes Hernández, Tammy Fernández Romero, Karel Prado González

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Introducción: Los hijos de madres con diabetes presentan una mayor incidencia de trastornos del neurodesarrollo como autismo, actividad cognitiva baja, déficit de atención, esquizofrenia y otras enfermedades del espectro autista.

Objetivo: Explicar los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen en la aparición de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo en hijos de gestantes con diabetes.

Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura que aparece en las bases de datos electrónicas Google, MEDLINE/PubMed y SciELO. Se revisaron artículos publicados entre los años 2000 y 2020. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: hiperglucemia, neurodesarrollo, malformaciones congénitas y epigenética.

Resultados: Se pone de manifiesto el alto riesgo que representa la hiperglucemia durante el desarrollo intrauterino. El riesgo relativo que tienen los hijos de madres con diabetes pregestacional de presentar malformaciones del sistema nerviosos central es 15,5 veces mayor que en gestantes sin diabetes. El hipocampo es especialmente sensible a cambios en los niveles de glucosa. La diabetes materna puede dejar una impronta negativa para la capacidad de procesar información, adquirir habilidades y poseer un comportamiento social adecuado en la descendencia.

Conclusiones: Las alteraciones en el metabolismo condicionadas por la hiperglucemia, el estrés oxidativo, la inflamación de bajo grado y las modificaciones epigenéticas crean un fatal engranaje que sustenta el desarrollo anómalo en hijos de gestantes con diabetes.

Palabras clave: diabetes; embarazo; neurodesarrollo; epigenética.

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